Showing posts with label Classes: Philosophy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Classes: Philosophy. Show all posts

Thursday, December 12, 2013

Frumming Out, Fitting In - A Source Sheet

Our Beit Midrash is presenting a Shiur Theatre installment this Shabbos; it's entitled "Frumming Out, Fitting In". The basic plot: The Sale of Yosef is moved up to 2013. Yosef interprets Mohammed Morsi's dreams, becomes the Chief Economic Advisor, and then is deported when Moris is deposed. Yosef comes home, after 13 years in Egypt, as a Breslover Chasid. Yaakov and Yosef then try to find a modus vivendi going forward...

In case anyone finds the topic interesting, here is the source sheet accompanying the drama:

Frumming Out, Fitting In
R' Mordechai Torczyner – torczyner@torontotorah.com

Act One: Swapping Minhagim (Customs)
1.   Tur Choshen Mishpat 368, citing Rav Sherira Gaon (10th century Babylon)
ומה שכתבת שיש מנהג במקומכם שהקונה מהלסטין וגנבים מחזיר לבעלים ונוטל מה שהוציא אם בודאי כך הוא חייב כל אדם לבלתי שנות מנהגם דאמרינן מנלן דמנהגא מילתא היא שנאמר אל תסיג גבול רעך אשר גבלו ראשונים וכ"ש בדבר שיש בו תקנה גדולה והסרת מריבה לפיכך עשו כמנהגכם ולא תשנו ושלום
As far as your local custom, that one who purchases from bandits and thieves must return it to the owners and collect his expenditures from them: If this is so, then all are obligated not to diverge from the custom. As we say: "How do we know that custom is substantive? Deuteronomy 9:14 states, 'Do not trespass the boundary of another, set by early generations.'" This is certainly true for a practice which inolves great improvement and elimination of strife. Therefore, do according to your custom, do not diverge, and be at peace.

2.   Sheiltot of Rav Achai Gaon (8th century Babylon), Vayyakhel 67
רב חזייה לההוא גברא דהוה קא שדי כיתנא בפוריא לטייה משום דקא עביד בפוריא ולא צמח כיתניה ואמאי עבד רב הכי והא אמר מר לא קבילו י"ט עילוייהו אמרי רב כהנא אתרא דנהיג שלא לעשות מלאכה אי הכי לשמותיה שמותיה אמרי כיון דלא צמח כיתניה היינו שמתא ומנלן דמנהגא מילתא היא אמר רבא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן אמר רב דכתיב שמע בני מוסר אביך ואל תטוש תורת אמך.
Rav saw someone planting flax on Purim. Rav cursed him for working on Purim, and his flax did not grow. But why did Rav do thus? Have we not learned that they did not accept Purim as such a holiday [on which planting would be prohibited]? Rav Kahana explained: This was a place where their custom was not to work on Purim. Then why did Rav not excommunicate him? The failure of his flax was his excommunication. And how do we know that custom is substantive? Rava bar Abba cited Rabbi Yochanan citing Rav: Proverbs 1:8 says, "Listen, my son, to the ethical instruction of your father, and do not reject the teachings of your mother."

3.   Jerusalem Talmud, Yevamot 12:1
ר' בא רב יהודה בשם רב אם יבא אליהו ויאמר שחולצין במנעל שומעין לו. שאין חולצין בסנדל אין שומעין לו. שהרי הרבים נהגו לחלוץ בסנדל. והמנהג מבטל את ההלכה.
Rabbi Ba and Rav Yehudah said, citing Rav: Were Elijah the Prophet to come and declare that a shoe may be used for the chalitzah rite, we would listen. Were he to say that we may not use a sandal, we would not listen to him, for many customarily use the sandal, and custom overrides law.

4.   Emile Durkheim (20th  century France), The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
If religion has given birth to all that is essential in society, it is because the idea of society is the soul of religion.

5.   Rich Sosis and Candace Alcorta, Signaling, Solidarity and the Sacred, Evolutionary Anthropology (2003) http://www.anth.uconn.edu/faculty/sosis/publications/sosisandalcortaEA.pdf
These authors maintained that one of the primary functions of religion is the promotion of group solidarity.  They argued that collective rituals enable the expression and reaffirmation of shared beliefs, norms, and values, and are thus essential for maintaining communal stability and group harmony.

6.   Talmud, Pesachim 50b-51a
דברים המותרים ואחרים נהגו בהן איסור – אי אתה רשאי להתירן בפניהם.
Regarding practices which are permitted, but people customarily prohibit: You may not permit these in front of them.

7.   Rabbi Ben Zion Uziel (20th century Israel), Piskei Uziel b'She'eilot haZman 2
כל חלוקי מנהגים בתפלות, מעשי המצות והוראות חלוקות בענינים צבוריים שנעשים בפומבי בבית הכנסת אחד, הם בכלל אזהרות לאו דלא תתגודדו; וקרוב הדבר לומר שזה הוא בגדר מצוה הבאה בעבירה, וברור הוא שאין זה מצוה מן המובחר ואדרבה מצוה עלינו לקיים ולהבליט בכל מצבינו ועבודתינו לצור ישענו אחדות עם ישראל ותורתו, שבה מתפאר בעמו.
All division of custom in prayer and mitzvah activities, and contradictory rulings issued regarding communal matters performed in public in one synagogue, fall under the prohibition of "You shall not split yourselves." One could almost call this a mitzvah achieved through transgression! It is clear that this is not the choicest form of the mitzvah; just the opposite, we are obligated to maintain and make evident, in our every situation and service of the Gd of our salvation, the unity of the nation of Israel and its Torah, via which Gd is glorified among His people.

8.   Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet Perfet (Rivash) (14th century Spain), Responsum 105
ואפשר שיש דברים שאין סתם מנהג מבטל הלכה, אלא הלכה רופפת, אבל הלכה ברורה, אין מנהג סתם מבטלה, אלא מנהג שהתנו עליו בני העיר.
[This source deals with protocols for contracts, established by local custom.] There may be cases in which a generic custom will not override law, unless that law is uncertain. Clear law cannot be overridden by generic custom, but only by custom stipulated by communal agreement.

9.   Rav Hai Gaon (10th century Babylon), cited in T'mim De'im of Raavad 119
מנין אנו יודעים כי יש עלינו מצוה לתקוע ביום זה? ועקר התורה הכתובה מנין אנו יודעים כי היא תורת משה שכתבה מפי הגבורה, אלא מפי עם ישראל, הנה אלו המעידים עליה גם הם מעידים כי במעשה יצאנו ידי חובותינו וכי כן העתיקו בקבלה מפי הנביאים הלכה למשה מסיני. ודברי הרבים הוא המוכיח על כל משנה ועל כל גמרא, ויותר מכל ראיה מזה פוק חזי מה עמא דבר, זה העיקר והסמך ואחר כך אנו מביטים בכל הדברים שנאמרו במשנה או בגמרא בענין הזה, ומה שיעלה מהם ויתרץ כאשר את נפשותינו מוטב, ואם יש בה כלום שלא יתכוין כאשר בלבבינו ולא יתברר בראיה אינו עוקר את העיקר.
How do we know that we are obligated to blow shofar on this day? And regarding the essential text of the Torah, how do we know that this is the Torah of Moshe, written from Gd's word? It is from the mouth of the Jewish nation. Their mouths testify to it, and they also testify that our deeds fulfill our ritual obligations, and that this has been transmitted by tradition from the prophets, the law of Moshe at Sinai. The words of the masses testify to every mishnah and gemara, and beyond any proof is the [Talmudic] principle, "Go see what the nation says." This [national practice] is the essence and basis, and after that we look at the declarations of the mishnah and gemara in such matters, and whatever emerges from them and we resolve is good. Anything that does not match that which is in our hearts and which cannot be proved does not uproot the essence.

Act Two: Accepting personal stringencies
10.      Maimonides (12th century Egypt), Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Deiot 4:2
לא יאכל אדם עד שתתמלא כריסו אלא יפחות כמו רביע משבעתו
One should not eat to the point that his stomach is full; he should lack about one-quarter of his satiation.

11.      Rabbi Yehudah haChasid (12th century Germany), Sefer Chasidim 12
והגדר הגדול והמופלא עזיבת המאכלות. כי שביעת המאכלות מביאים לידי הרהורים רעים. כיצד הי' לפניו מאכל מדגים או מבשר או משאר מעדנים אל ימנע מלאכול כלל אלא משום יראת ד' שלא למלאות כרסו עד כדי השגת תאותו
The great and superior fence for this [special piety] is abandonment of food, for satiation brings on bad thoughts. How should one practice this? If he has fish or meat or other delicacies before him, he should not refrain from eating altogether, but out of awe of Gd he should not fill his belly to the complete realization of his desires.

12.      Talmud, Berachot 17b
כיון דכולי עלמא עבדי מלאכה ואיהו לא קא עביד - מיחזי כיוהרא
[Addressing a personal stringency to avoid work on Tishah b'Av, in a place where the community normally does work:] Since everyone does work, and he does not do work, this will appear like self-righteous arrogance.

13.      Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (20th century Poland), Biur Halachah 639:7 וכל הפטור
זה הכלל הוא דוקא במקום שיש בו צד איסור כמו במצטער דהוי חילול יום טוב
[Regarding the Code of Jewish Law's condemnation of a Jew who sits in a succah in the rain:] This applies specifically where there is a violation of law involved, as in the case of one who is pained, thereby desecrating Yom Tov.

14.      Tosafot Chullin 2b אבל
וא"ת והא כתיב (בראשית כח) וידר יעקב נדר וכתיב (יונה ב) את אשר נדרתי אשלמה וי"ל דבשעת צרה שרי כדאמרינן...
[Regarding rabbinic disapproval of taking vows:] You might ask: Genesis 28 records, "And Yaakov vowed," and Yonah 2 states, "That which I have vowed, I will fulfill!" One could say that in a time of need this is permitted…



15.      Talmud, Bava Metzia 30b
והודעת להם (שמות יח) זה בית חייהם את הדרך זו גמילות חסדים ילכו זה ביקור חולים בה זו קבורה ואת המעשה זה הדין אשר יעשון זו לפנים משורת הדין... דאמר רבי יוחנן לא חרבה ירושלים אלא על שדנו בה דין תורה אלא דיני דמגיזתא לדיינו אלא אימא שהעמידו דיניהם על דין תורה ולא עבדו לפנים משורת הדין
"And you shall inform them" – This refers to [Torah] their source of life. "The path" – This refers to acts of kindness. "They will walk" – This is examining the sick. "In it" – This is burial. "And the deed" – This is justice. "They will perform" – This is to transcend the letter of the law… As R’ Yochanan taught, that Jerusalem was destroyed only because they judged the law of Torah therein. Should they have used the laws of force?! Rather, they insisted on the law of Torah, and did not transcend the letter of the law.

16.      Talmud, Pesachim 40a
בעל נפש - אפילו חיטין דשרירי לא ילתות.
A person of spiritual strength will not even soak wheat, which is tough, on Passover.

17.      Nachmanides (13th century Spain) to Leviticus 19:2
בא הכתוב, אחרי שפרט האיסורים שאסר אותם לגמרי, וצוה בדבר כללי שנהיה פרושים מן המותרות.
After the text specified that which is entirely prohibited, it instructed, generally, to separate from the permitted.

18.      Talmud, Berachot 30a
מהיות טוב אל תקרא רע.
Given the chance to be good, do not put yourself in a position to be called bad.

19.      Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein (21st cent. Israel), Does Judaism Recognize an Ethic Independent of Halakhah?
If, however, we recognize that Halakhah is multiplanar and many dimensional; that, properly conceived, it includes much more than is explicitly required or permitted by specific rules, we shall realize that the ethical moment we are seeking is itself an aspect of Halakhah.

20.      Deuteronomy 13:1
אֵת כָּל־הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם אֹתוֹ תִשְׁמְרוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת לֹא־תֹסֵף עָלָיו וְלֹא תִגְרַע מִמֶּנּוּ:  
Regarding all that I command you, take care to practice it. Do not add to it, and do not subtract from it.

Act Three: Personal Practices, Communal Strife
21.      Talmud, Nazir 4b
אמר לי: רועה הייתי לאבי בעירי, והלכתי לשאוב מים מן המעיין ונסתכלתי בבבואה שלי, ופחז יצרי עלי וביקש לטורדני מן העולם, אמרתי לו: ריקה! מפני מה אתה מתגאה בעולם שאינו שלך, שסופך להיות רמה ותולע'? העבודה, שאגלחך לשמים! עמדתי ונשקתיו על ראשו, אמרתי לו: כמותך ירבו נזירים בישראל
He told me, "I was a shepherd for my father in my town, and I went to draw water from the spring, and I saw my reflection. My nature became agitated and began to draw me from the world. I told myself: Empty one! Why are you arrogant about a world that is not your own, when in the end you will be decay and worms? By the Temple Service, I will shave you off for the sake of Heaven!" I stood and kissed him on his head and said, "May there be many more nazirites like you in Israel."

22.      Rabbi Yehudah haChasid (12th century Germany), Sefer Chasidim 11
וזה שורש החסידות שצריך לעשות לפנים משורת הדין בכל דבר שנאמר (תהלים קמ"ה י"ז) וחסיד בכל מעשיו
This is the root of piety: One must transcend the law in all matters, as it is said, "Gd is pious in all of His deeds."

23.      Mishnah Berachot 2:5
מעשה ברבן גמליאל שקרא בלילה הראשון שנשא אמרו לו תלמידיו לא למדתנו רבינו שחתן פטור מקריאת שמע בלילה הראשון אמר להם איני שומע לכם לבטל ממני מלכות שמים אפילו שעה אחת:
Rabban Gamliel recited Shema on the night he was married. His students said to him, "Haven't you taught us, our master, that a groom is exempt from reciting Shema on the first night?" He replied, "I won't listen to you, to keep myself from recognizing G-d as king even for a moment."

24.      Lawrence Kohlberg (20th century USA), Stages of Moral Development
III. Post-Conventional, Autonomous, or Principled Level: The individual makes a clear effort to define moral values and principles that have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups of persons holding them and apart from the individual's own identification with the group.

25.      Proverbs 22:6, R’ Shimshon Raphael Hirsch translation
חנך לנער על פי דרכו גם כי יזקין לא יסור ממנה:
Raise the boy according to the course his life will take when he is grown; then he will not depart from it even in his old age.

26.      Rabbi Moshe Sofer (Chatam Sofer) (18th/19th century Hungary) 1: Orach Chaim 197
כל האמור להלכה בש"ע היא תורה נתונה לכל ישראל בשוה ואין בודד במועדיו, אכן מי שאין לו אלא תורה אפילו תורה אין לו [עי' יבמות ק"ט ע"ב] כי זה נעשה מצות אנשים מלומדה ואב לבנים יודיע, ע"כ כל המתחסד עם קונו ניכר במעלליו מה שלבו בודה לשם ד' להזיר נזיר מכל מה אשר ידבנו לבו ובזה אין סגנון א' עולה לשנים כי אין לב ב' בני אדם שוה באהבת ד'
All of the law which is contained in the Shulchan Aruch is that which was given equally to all Israel, with no one excluded. However, he who possesses only Torah does not even possess Torah (see Yevamot 109b), for then his performance becomes trained habit, and that which fathers pass on to sons (Yeshayah 38:19). Therefore, he who would act piously with his Creator would be recognized by his deeds – that which his heart originates for the sake of heaven, to vow as a nazirite in whatever manner his heart desires. In this matter no two individuals have the same style, because no two people love Gd in the same way.

27.      Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehudah Berlin (Netziv) (19th century Russia) to Numbers 24:6
כל גן יש בו מין א' שהוא העיקר, אלא שסביביו נזרע עוד הרבה מינים מעט מעט. כך כל איש ישראל מלא מצוות ד' אבל כל א' יש לו מצוה א' ביחוד להיות נזהר בה ביותר כדאיתא במכילתא פ' בשלח רנ"א כל העושה מצוה א' באמנה זוכה וכו' ובירושלמי קידושין סוף פ' א' על המאמר כל העושה מצוה א' מטיבין לו וכו' ומפרש בירושלמי שעושה מצוה א' בזהירות יתירה.
Each garden has one central variety, and small quantities of other varieties are planted around it. So, too, each Jew is filled with the mitzvot of Gd, but each has one special mitzvah in which he is extra careful, as is seen in Mechilta [Beshalach 251], “One who performs a single mitzvah, faithfully, is worthy of Divine inspiration.” And in the Jerusalem Talmud [Kiddushin 1:9], regarding the statement, ‘One who performs a single mitzvah is given good things,’ they explain that this refers to a person who designates a single mitzvah for himself, and never violates it.

28.      Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak haKohen Kook (20th century Israel), אל חכי שופר
אל נמוד כל קנין רק לפי מדתנו.
נדע כי כל אחד הנהו רק פרט,
חלק אחד, אחוז מקהלינו,
ומה יוכל על הכלל לדון, הלא מעט...
כל איש לחפץ לבבו ילך ויצליח,
ומתנובות כפימו עמם ירוממו.
כל אחד במקצֹעו רוח חיים יפיח,
בבנותו לו בית, הריסות עמנו יקוממו.
We will not measure every acquisition by our personal measure.
We will know that each individual is only a unit,
one portion, a share of our community,
and how could the whole judge but little?...
Each person toward his heart's desire will travel and succeed,
and from the fruit of their hands, their nation will be elevated.
Each in his trade will breathe the breath of life;

when he builds for himself a home, the ruin of our people will be rebuilt.

Wednesday, November 6, 2013

Shiur Theatre: Religious Coercion: A Modern Defense of Rachel

This Shabbos, Gd-willing, our Beit Midrash will present a new installation of Shiur Theatre during our "Matriarchs" Shabbaton.

We'll look at the story of Rachel and Lavan's terafim (working with the standard understanding that terafim were a form of humanoid idol), and attempt to offer a modern version of the story, and a defense of Rachel's attempt to dictate her father's religious practice.

Here is the source sheet I expect to distribute after the presentation:

Act Two: Does Halachah Require Coercion?
1.         Sefer haChinuch 239
להוכיח אחד מישראל שאינו מתנהג כשורה, בין בדברים שבין אדם לחבירו או בין אדם למקום
To instruct a Jew who does not act properly, whether in a relationship with others or in a relationship with Gd…

2.         Rabbi Yaakov Kanievsky, Kehillot Yaakov 10:54
ואמאי אסור לשנאותו? ונראה דלא מיירי ברשע ממש שחוטא חטאים מפורסמים, אלא שאינו נוהג כל כך כהוגן הראוי לפי ערכו...
Why is hating him prohibited [per Erchin 16b]? Apparently, this is not a wicked person who sins publicly; it is someone who does not act entirely properly, based upon his level…

3.         Rabbi Bentzion Uziel, Mishpetei Uziel 4:3:1
חיוב התוכחה, לבד מצות עשה שבה עוד מתחייב בבטולה בעבירה על לא תעשה דלא תעמוד על דם רעך, ובעשה דוהשבותו לו לרבות אבדת גופו וכל שכן הצלה מן העברה שיש בה אבידת הגוף והנפש
The obligation of rebuke, aside from its active mitzvah, also involves a transgression in its failure: You shall not stand by the blood of your brother. It also involves the mitzvah of ‘You shall restore it to him,’ which includes loss of his body and certainly, in saving a person from sinning, loss of his body and spirit.

4.         Talmud, Shevuot 39a-b
כל ישראל ערבים זה בזה...
All Jews are guarantors for each other…

5.         Nachmanides to Vayikra 19:17
"הוכח תוכיח את עמיתך" - מצוה אחרת, ללמדו תוכחת מוסר, "ולא תשא עליו חטא" שיהיה עליך אשם כאשר יחטא ולא הוכחת אותו.
"Instruct your peer" – This is another mitzvah, to teach him ethical instruction, "and you shall not bear sin for him," for should he sin and should you fail to rebuke him, you would bear guilt.

6.         Pirkei Avot 2:4
ואל תדין את חבירך עד שתגיע למקומו
And do not judge another until you reach his place.

7.         Tosafot Avodah Zarah 26b ולא
אף על פי שסתם כנענים עובדי כוכבים ומזלות הם ועוברין על שבע מצות מכל מקום אין מורידין
Although normal Canaanites are idolatrous, and they violate their seven commandments, still, we do not punish them.

8.         Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Melachim 8:10
מי שלא רצה אין כופין אותו לקבל תורה ומצות, וכן צוה משה רבינו מפי הגבורה לכוף את כל באי העולם לקבל מצות שנצטוו בני נח...
We do not compel someone to accept Torah and mitzvot if he does not wish to do so, and so Moshe instructed, in the name of Gd, to compel all who enter the world [only] to accept the mitzvot commanded to Noachides…

9.         Talmud, Eruvin 63a
כל מקום שיש בו חילול ד' אין חולקין כבוד לרב
In a matter involving desecration of Gd’s Name, we do not show honour to the great.



Act Three: Is a Coerced Religious Act Worthwhile?
10.      Rabbi Meir Simchah of Dvinsk, Or Sameach to Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Divorce 2:20
זה שהוא רוצה להיות מישראל, ורוצה הוא לעשות כל המצות ולהתרחק מן העבירות יצרו הוא שתקפו, וכיון שהוכה עד שתשש יצרו ואמר רוצה אני כבר גירש לרצונו 
This person wishes to be a Jew, and wishes to perform all of the mitzvot and distance himself from all transgressions, but his yetzer overpowers him. When he is struck to the point that his yetzer weakens, he says, "I wish to do this," and then he has divorced willingly.

11.      Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution, pg. 249-250
If persons be compelled to forsake their religion which their hearts cleave to, and to come to the church… and this all their days, I ask, whether this be not this people's religion, unto which submitting, they shall be quiet all their days, without enforcing them to the practice of any other religion? And if this be not so, then I ask, will it not inevitably follow, that they not only permit but enforce people to be of no religion at all, all their days?

12.      Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Pure Reason, Meikeljohn translation, pg. 422
Let each thinker pursue his own path; if he shows talent, if he gives evidence of profound thought, in one word, if he shows that he possesses the power of reasoning—reason is always the gainer. If you have recourse to other means, if you attempt to coerce reason, if you raise the cry of treason to humanity, if you excite the feelings of the crowd, which can neither understand nor sympathize with such subtle speculations—you will only make yourselves ridiculous.

13.      Moses Mendelssohn, Jerusalem, Bennett translation, pg. 7
A man feels his own worth when he performs charitable acts… when he gives because he wants to. But if he gives because he must, all he feels are his chains.

14.      Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Trespass 8:8
והמשפטים הן המצות שטעמן גלוי וטובת עשייתן בעולם הזה ידועה כגון איסור גזל ושפיכות דמים וכיבוד אב ואם, והחוקים הן המצות שאין טעמן ידוע, אמרו חכמים חוקים חקתי לך ואין לך רשות להרהר בהן
Mishpatim are laws with revealed reasons and known benefits from their practice, like the prohibitions against theft and murder, and the mitzvah of honouring parents.
Chukim are laws without known reasons; the sages said, "I have engraved chukim for you, and you do not have permission to challenge them."

15.      Sefer haChinuch 16
אחרי הפעולות נמשכים הלבבות
After deeds are the hearts drawn.

16.      R' Avraham Yitzchak haKohen Kook, Letters of the Ra"ayah II pg. 186
ומש״כ מר לתמוה עלי במה שאני מקרב את הכל, גם את פושעי־ישראל כדי להחזירם בתשובה, וכתבתי לו ברמז כונתי, שכל מי שהוא מוכשר לעסוק בפנימיות רזי-תורה הוא מתמלא יותר מאור־החסד של תורת חסד, ועליו החובה לעסוק בתיקון נפולים ובקירוב רחוקים
Regarding my practice of drawing everyone near, including Jews who sin, in order to bring them to repentance: I have written a hint at my meaning to his honour, saying that anyone who is capable of involving himself in the inner secrets of Torah will be filled with the light of the Torah's generosity to a greater extent, and is obligated to involve himself in mending the collapses and bringing near those who are distant.

17.      R' Avraham Yeshayah Karelitz, Chazon Ish, Yoreh Deah 2:16
בזמן ההעלם שנכרתה האמונה מן דלת העם אין במעשה הורדה גדר הפרצה אלא הוספה הפרצה שיהי' בעיניהם כמעשה השחתה ואלמות ח״ו וכיון  שכל עצמנו לתקן אין הדין נוהג בשעה שאין בו תיקון ועלינו להחזירם בעבותות אהבה ולהעמידם בקרן אורה כמה שידינו מגעת.

At a time of [Divine] invisibility, when faith has been cut off from the poor of the nation, punishment does not mend the gap, but only increases it, for it appears like a deed of destruction and coercion, Gd-forbid. Since our entire goal is to repair, the law [of punishment] does not apply when it does not repair. We are obligated to bring them back with ropes of love, to bring them to the radiant light to the extent we can.

Wednesday, March 6, 2013

Shiur Theatre: The Day After Liberation, Part 3

[This is the concluding part of a Shiur Theatre presentation from Parshat Ki Tisa. The first part, with an introduction, is here. The second part is here.]



ACT IV: SHIMSHON, MOSHE AND ADDAYA

SHIMSHON: Wow, that was an interesting witness. (pause, wipes forehead) So far, we have Aharon who wasn't authorized to truly lead. We have the historian who says the Jews were not educated, were not empowered, and had too much gold. And we have a Levite soldier who says the people were looking for authority figures rather than taking responsibility for their lives. (pause) That leaves one last witness: Addaya son of Thutmose, an Egyptian who joined us as part of the erev rav when we left Egypt.

Moshe steps in behind Shimshon, taps him on the shoulder. Shimshon looks up, sees its Moshe, and is startled. Stands back in respect.

SHIMSHON: Moshe, sir!

MOSHE: I would like to interview this witness, if you don't mind.

SHIMSHON: Certainly – but why? Have I not done a good job?

MOSHE: You've done a fine job, but I take responsibility for the erev rav, the group of Egyptians I personally brought out of Egypt when they wished to join us. So I'd like to speak with this Addaya.

Shimshon steps away; Moshe takes the lectern. Addaya steps to the other lectern.

MOSHE: Are you Addaya son of Thutmose?

ADDAYA: Yes, I am.

MOSHE: Addaya, son of Thutmose, what possessed you to lure my nation into idolatry?

ADDAYA: (laughing) Moses, Moses, Moses. (pause) Lure them? I hardly needed to do any such thing. Why, they came running to me!

MOSHE: What do you mean?

ADDAYA: Moses, you ought to comprehend, from your own experience when you fled to Midian. You went from life in the royal palace of Ramses to herding sheep in the wilderness, from a world of being waited on hand and foot to fighting off those who would abuse you, your wife, her sisters. Did you not feel the trauma of dislocation? Now imagine the lives of the millions of people you led into the wilderness, whose world has been turned upside down in every way imaginable.

MOSHE: I see.

ADDAYA: But see further, for there were three revolutions at work in the lives of this nation. One, when they ceased to be slaves and became free. Two, when they left the Egypt they knew and entered a frightening wilderness. And yet a third revolution, in the very rules of life. Food no longer came from the ground, but from the sky. Clothing did not wear out. Shelter came from the very vapour in the air.

MOSHE (protests): But these are wondrous changes, amazing gifts!

ADDAYA: True enough – but also scary. Look, Moses, ahead in the future, to the 58th century, to Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, the Soviet satellites of Eastern Europe, the mixed bag that was their liberation. Have you read the work of Anna Porter?

MOSHE: The Canadian woman who will write "The Ghosts of Europe"?

ADDAYA: Indeed. She will point out that the populations of Eastern Europe suffered during their transition to democracy from the lack of an intermediate system, a bridge.[1] Surely the same could be said for these Jews you led into the wilderness. A brand new way of living, a brand new religious system, and no follow-up after that great Hollywood scene at the mountain for the next six weeks… Yes, Moses, they came running to me.

MOSHE: And what of your own identity – Ten times you have seen the miracles of the Lord, and still you have no faith! You came out to the wilderness with us, pledging loyalty!

ADDAYA: Yes, but I was not ready for a new national identity, especially as I quite enjoyed my previous identity until you shredded everything about it. Again, it's the same as the transformation of that Eastern bloc; you cannot expect a culture to adopt a new identity, when they felt much more security in the old one, and no bridge is offered.[2]

MOSHE: Then the blame lies with me? Or with the Almighty?

ADDAYA: This is hardly for me to say – I am but a newcomer, and member of a rejected nation. But heed the words of your brother Aharon. Heed the words of the historian. Heed the words, even, of that Levite colonel. Freedom is not a gift, unless accompanied by the proper tools.

MOSHE: Many centuries from now, an Egyptian Jew, also named Moshe, will declare, "Accept truth from whoever offers it.[3]" I suppose he is correct.

EXIT STAGE LEFT

EPILOGUE

NARRATOR:

And so Moshe Rabbeinu approached G-d to plead on behalf of the Jewish nation. As we read in this morning's parshah, the Torah's text describes several claims he made upon Divine mercy:
  • He pointed to the covenant G-d had made with our ancestors, the founders of our nation.
  • He pointed to neighbouring countries, and what they would say.
  • He put his own life on the line, declaring, "Wipe me out of Your book" if You will not have mercy upon the Jews.

The Talmud, though, describes another claim from Moshe, far harsher than those that appear in the pesukim. As the Talmud[4] tells it, based on a pasuk in Sefer Devarim, Moshe said to G-d, "This situation may be compared to a man who had a son. He bathed the son, anointed him with oil, fed him well, gave him fine drink, hung a wallet around his neck – and placed him at the entrance of a brothel. How, then, could this son not sin?"

Moshe claimed that the Jews were innocent, like a child who had been set up for failure. The naïve child in his allegory was given every opportunity to sin, and he was left in a situation of great temptation, without any protection. So, too, the Jews were put in a position of great temptation, without protection.

Many have struggled to explain Moshe's point. How could Moshe compare the Jews to the child in this story, didn't the Jews have leaders in Aharon and Chur and the elders? Didn't they have the miracles in Egypt and the spiritual experience at Sinai? Were they not rescued from Egyptian slavery, and granted ultimate freedom?

But seen through the lens of our interviews, Moshe's insight is powerful and on the mark.
  • As the Colonel said, citing George Washington and Jack Nicholson, these former slaves were like young children, they had not been given the chance to understand freedom;
  • As the Egyptian Addaya explained, quoting Anna Porter on the Eastern bloc countries, the Jews were a fish entirely out of water, entering a brand new existence which, for all of its positives and freedoms, still required significant adjustment;
  • As the Professor explained, citing the problems of the American South after slavery, the Jews were not well-educated in their new monotheism, lacked the empowerment to take charge of their religious lives, and had plenty of gold without a sense of how to use it – quite like the boy in Moshe's parable;
  • And as Aharon pointed out, the leaders were not licensed to be proactive at the time of the Golden Calf, just as the world's moderate leadership has watched the Arab Spring largely from the sidelines. The Jews of that time were truly abandoned.

Liberty must be more than a state of freedom. To be able to take advantage of liberty, one must be:
  • guided gently into this new existence,
  • offered a framework and education for using it,
  • empowered to act as an owner, and
  • given leaders who will proactively help him along the way.

So it is that Moshe approached G-d with a remarkable claim. As the Talmud says, הטיח דברים כלפי מעלה, he impudently blamed G-d for the events of the Golden Calf.

Moshe's claim is not only upon G-d, though; it is upon us as well. We are blessed with extreme liberty – we can say what we want, live where we want, eat what we want, marry whomever we want, and so on. The same is true for our children. And so Moshe's claim - Aharon's claim, the Professor's claim, the Colonel's claim, the Egyptian's claim - is upon us: How do we approach our liberty, and that of our children? Are we educated? Do we take charge of our Judaism and our lives as owners? Do we empower leaders to help us along the way? The story of the Golden Calf is not history; it has important messages for us, more than 3,000 years later, as well.




[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQv8Fgy9Ypk
[2] ibid
[3] Introduction to Shemonah Perakim
[4] Berachos 32a