Sunday, January 29, 2012
40: The Age of Limits
40 is coming, in just a few weeks.
This development brings with it many different emotions, on many different levels, but one stands out for me: A sense of limits. Not depressingly, just realistically.
All of us have limits, of course, from the start of our lives, but as we get older and hit certain stages, key limitations become obvious and cannot be ignored. This birthday is drawing my attention to them.
We encounter llimits in terms of mortality. This varies from person to person, but we hit gray hair, no hair, reading glasses, a bad back and muscle pain, etc.
We encounter limits in terms of career. We realize we won't go as far as we had wanted, or enter new careers that we had always hoped to join.
We encounter limits in terms of growth. We recognize we're not going to get around to learning Mandarin, or getting a really good handle on materials sciences, not because we have too little time left but because we can see how our lives are going and how we make our decisions.
And so on.
The gemara (Avodah Zarah 19b) identifies the age of 40 as the minimum age for offering serious psak [legal rulings], or, as the Beis Yosef (Yoreh Deah 242) renders it, the deadline past which a capable person may not stall offering serious psak. What is so special about 40? Why isn't it a matter of what you have learned, as opposed to the years you have lived?
I posed the question in a recent class, and one person said it's because people will listen to you at 40. Another suggested this is an age when one has had life experiences which prepare him to handle a situation properly. Another suggested that people are more stable and responsible at this stage in life.
These are all valid answers. I wonder, though, if it isn't also that by the age of 40 one is forced to accept a certain humility, in the awareness of his limitations.
Interesting.
Thursday, January 26, 2012
Burning your sink?
Normally, we kasher a sink by heating water to a high boil, and then pouring it all over the surfaces of the sink. Some authorities also place a heated stone on surfaces of the sink while pouring the water, because the water cools off between the time it leaves the pot or kettle and the time it strikes the sink's surface. The process is tedious and messy.
So the new method (new to me, anyway) is this: Spread brandy or whiskey over the surfaces of the sink, and light it on fire. Essentially, flambe the sink.
Definitely a guy's way to kasher.
Again, my impression is that this does NOT work, from a kashrut perspective; as I understand it, the heat from this fire is directed outward, and the material beneath the alcohol layer is not heated. [Watch the video I linked on "flambe" above; the crepe certainly doesn't show any sign of singeing. On the other hand, perhaps it does get hot enough to reach the level needed for kashering.]
Have you heard of this? From a reputable source?
Tuesday, January 24, 2012
Moshe's death begins again
I cannot stand Parshat Shmot. I fear reading it. It drives me berserk – and especially this year.
Call this hubris, but I overly identify with Moshe Rabbeinu. It’s because of my field of work, it’s because I love his “I can’t stands no more!” declaration to Gd in Bamidbar (Numbers) 11:11-15, it’s because I was born on his birthday (the 7th of Adar)… his struggle just resonates with me.
In particular, I am struck by the way Moshe is stopped at the goal line, blocked from entering Israel after putting himself through 41 years of absolute Gehennom to get there. This man exposed himself to hatred and ridicule, slaved day and night for a nation that often rebelled against his leadership, separated himself from his family, braved the mighty Pharoah and defeated Amalek and fought wars against Emorite kings, you name it – and G-d would not allow him to enter Israel. Sorry, no entry.
Of course, Moshe didn’t complain; after his appeal was rejected, he still did everything he was told to do, up to and including dying. What an outsized tzaddik we’re looking at here.
It all starts in Parshat Shmot, at a time when Moshe would give anything not to have to take this job. He doesn’t want the power, he doesn’t want to lead, he doesn’t want anything other than to be a simple Jew, but Gd won’t take no for an answer.
“They won’t believe me.” No. “Send someone else.” No. “Pharaoh won’t listen.” No. “I don’t speak well.” No. You’re taking this job, Moshe, end of discussion.
And he takes the job. And Gd tells him Aharon will help him out, and Gd gives him a staff to use to engineer miracles, and Gd tells him, “Don’t worry, Moshele, it’ll be all right.”
And so the clock starts on Moshe's death.
“MOSHE, IT’S A FRAUD!” I want to yell at him as I read the parshah. "It’s not true, Moshe, run the other way! You’re going to spend the next forty-one years doing this, only to be prevented from reaching your goal! Turn around while there’s still time!"
But he doesn’t. He picks up the staff and heads to Egypt, expecting that Gd will be there with him every step of the way. Which Gd will be – until the cruel end of the story, when Moshe will be given one last order: Sure, you can go up the mountain and see Israel. Then Die.
This has been the story for so many Jewish leaders; so many well-meaning, committed rabbis and community leaders have given their lives for this stubborn nation, only to perish short of the mark. I know; I’ve buried some of them.
And this year, the story has special resonance for me. As I think about taking a new job, in a new community, where I am told by so many people that I could lead and accomplish great things, I wonder: How far short of my own mark will I die and be buried?
[Note, as I said at the start: I wrote this post 4 years ago, at a time when it became clear I was going to be taking a new position. This is not relevant now!]
But I am comforted by two points:
1. True, Moshe dies short of the mark – but he has a great ride along the way. He speaks to Gd. He rescues the Jews from Egypt. He wins wars. He teaches a nation the way of Gd.
2. And, of course, Moshe must die short of the mark, and this is perhaps his greatest lesson for leaders. Moshe must die short of the mark because the sign of a great leader is that he always has a ‘mark’ in front of him: When he achieves one goal, he sets the next.
Moshe takes the Jews out of Egypt; time to go to Sinai. He reaches Sinai, time to get the Jews on the road to Israel. He gets the Jews on the road, time to teach them the Torah. His life is one long string of Dayyenus, and it never ends because it never can end.
The true Moshe will always die short of the mark, because there will always be another mark, drawing him forward.
Sunday, January 22, 2012
The danger of talking to ourselves
The idea of such an assassination is as morally abhorrent as it is fundamentally ludicrous... so how does someone publish this?
I think it's a symptom of one of the great problems that many groups face: We spend too much time talking to ourselves.
"Iran is dangerous!"
"Even the IAEA said Iran is creating nuclear weapons."
"Someone has to stop them!"
"Israel will stop them."
"But Obama is blocking them!"
"They can't let Obama stop them - it's about Israel's survival!"
"How long do you think they have before Iran has a weapon?"
"I read it's just a few months."
"I think they have a bomb already."
"Israel needs to do something now. Ahmedinajad has said he wants to wipe them off the map - he just needs the bomb, and then he can do it."
"They need to act now, but Obama is holding them back!"
"Well, Israel can take care of that..."
Talking to people who disagree with us is important, if only so that someone takes the rhetorical wind out of our sails with challenging questions. Spend enough time in dialogue with people who believe the same thing, and we end pushing each other to greater extremes, as we convince each other of our correctness and the importance of our mission.
Andrew Adler, Exhibit A.
Thursday, January 19, 2012
Synagogue members: Supporters and Directors
One also finds the opposite situation: Rabbis "owning" the shul. That is, Board members voting against their true wishes for the shul policy position the Rabbi publicy supports.
I agree that this happens, but I'm not sure it's about rabbinic ownership of the shul. I suspect it's about two different kinds of membership: Supporters and Directors.
As a general rule, both Supporters and Directors want to have:
- a shul with a certain kind of davening and learning, and an approach to halachah that resonates with them;
- a shul community with programs they like and members whose company they enjoy;
- a Rabbi whose Torah and personality and leadership will guide/inspire/support them.
But Supporters and Directors seek to achieve their goals in different ways.
Supporters believe in hiring or appointing good personnel – Rabbi, office manager, president, etc – and empowering them to do their job as they see fit. Supporters help them carry out their initiatives. They take a Platonic, "The Republic" view of government; we elected these people because we believe they know what they are doing. And barring something egregious, the next time the Supporter will weigh in with an imperative is at contract time for paid employees, or election time for shul officers.
Directors, on the other hand, believe in guiding the shul's good personnel in their tasks, to ensure that their day-to-day performance is in-line with Director expectations. Directors weigh initiatives in terms of their own preferences and vision, and assist only if they approve; employees and officers are meant to carry out the Director's will, and imperatives can come at any time.
I'm not contending that either model is 'better' for an organization, just observing that both exist. I believe each has merits.
This dichotomy among members is not just about shuls, of course; this happens in families and schools and businesses, too. It happens in philanthropy; Supporter donors write a check because they believe the organization knows what to do with it, and Director donors write a check and tell the organization what to do with it.
Coming back to that anonymous comment, then: Supporter board members do exactly what the commenter noted, trusting the Rabbi to know what he is doing. Director board members, on the other hand, are more likely to write the letter that triggered my "Owning the Rabbi" post in the first place.
Wednesday, January 18, 2012
Class: Taking Call on Shabbat
And its corollary: May I switch with a non-observant Jewish physician?
And then the inevitable follow-up: May I drive home from the hospital after working there on Shabbat?
The class is next Monday, after which I hope to post a link to the audio on-line. I already have an audio and source sheet on-line from a version of this I delivered two years ago, but that was more textual; this will be more practical.
Here is the source sheet:
Vignette 1: Am I obligated to avoid violating Shabbat in advance?
1. Talmud, Shabbat 19a
תנו רבנן: אין מפליגין בספינה פחות משלשה ימים קודם לשבת. במה דברים אמורים - לדבר הרשות, אבל לדבר מצוה - שפיר דמי. ופוסק עמו על מנת לשבות, ואינו שובת, דברי רבי. רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר: אינו צריך. ומצור לצידן, אפילו בערב שבת מותר.
תנו רבנן: אין צרין על עיירות של נכרים פחות משלשה ימים קודם לשבת, ואם התחילו - אין מפסיקין.
One may not embark on a boat for an optional trip within three days of Shabbat, but one may do so for a mitzvah purpose. Rebbe said: One must arrange with the boat to halt. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: This is not necessary. One may travel from Tyre to Cidon even on Friday.
One may not lay siege within three days of Shabbat, but one need not halt a siege which already began.
2. R' Yitzchak Alfasi (11th century Morocco) to Shabbat, 7b
יש מי שאומר... משום גזירת תחומין גזרו בה... והאי טעמא פריכא הוא... מאי איריא ג' ימים אפי' טפי נמי ועוד לדבר מצוה אמאי שרי... אלא היינו טעמא דאין מפליגין בספינה פחות מג' ימים קודם השבת משום בטול מצות עונג שבת דכל ג' ימים הויא להו שינוי וסת משום נענוע הספינה... והיינו טעמא דלדבר מצוה שרי משום דפטירי ממצות עונג דאמר מר העוסק במצוה פטור מן המצוה
Some say that they decreed [regarding ships] because of violation of Shabbat by crossing the techum… but this is questionable… For then why would they mention three days? Even more would be prohibited! Further, why would travel be permitted for a mitzvah?...
Rather, we don't embark on a boat within three days of Shabbat because it would undermine the mitzvah of enjoying Shabbat; one suffers the effects of change due to the shifting of the boat, for three days… But one may embark for a mitzvah, because then one is exempt from the enjoyment of Shabbat; one who is involved in one mitzvah is exempt from a competing mitzvah.
3. R' Zerachyah haLevi (12th century Spain), Baal haMaor to Shabbat, 7a
כל שלשה ימים קודם לשבת קמי שבתא מקרי ונראה כמתנה לדחות את השבת מפני שאין דבר שעומד בפני פקוח נפש והוא הדין להפריש במדברות וכל מקום סכנה שאדם עתיד לחלל בו את השבת
All three days preceding Shabbat are called "before Shabbat" and one who embarks appears to have decided to violate Shabbat, for nothing stands before saving a life. The same would apply to embarking into the wilderness or some other dangerous place, such that one is destined to violate Shabbat.
4. Talmud, Gittin 77a
ת"ר: לאחר שבוע - שנה, לאחר שנה - חדש, לאחר חדש - שבת. לאחר שבת, מאי? יתיב ר' זירא קמיה דרבי אסי, ואמרי לה רבי אסי קמיה דרבי יוחנן וקאמר: חד בשבא, ותרי, ותלתא - בתר שבתא, ארבעה, וחמשה ומעלי שבתא - קמי שבתא.
One who says "[I will return] after the Sabbatical cycle" means within a year afterward. "After a year" means within a month afterward. "After a month" means within a week afterward. What about "after a week"? R' Zeira said before R' Asi, or R' Asi said before R' Yochanan: Sunday, Monday and Tuesday are "after Shabbat", and Wednesday, Thursday and Friday are "before Shabbat".
5. Code of Jewish Law (16th century Israel and Poland), Orach Chaim 248:2, 4
סעיף ב: הא דאין מפליגין בספינה פחות משלשה ימים קודם השבת הטעם משום עונג שבת, שכל שלשה ימים הראשונים יש להם צער ובלבול; ודוקא למפליגים בימים המלוחים, אבל בנהרות אין שום צער למפליגים בהם...
סעיף ד: היוצאים בשיירא במדבר, והכל יודעים שהם צריכים לחלל שבת כי מפני הסכנה לא יוכלו לעכב במדבר בשבת לבדם, ג' ימים קודם שבת אסורים לצאת, וביום ראשון ובשני ובשלישי מותר לצאת, ואם אחר כך יארע לו סכנה ויצטרך לחלל שבת מפני פיקוח נפש, מותר, ואין כאן חילול; והעולה לארץ ישראל, אם נזדמנה לו שיירא אפילו בערב שבת, כיון דדבר מצוה הוא, יכול לפרוש; ופוסק עמהם לשבות, ואם אחר שיהיו במדבר לא ירצו לשבות עמו, יכול ללכת עמהם חוץ לתחום, מפני פיקוח נפש...
הגה: יש אומרים כל מקום שאדם הולך לסחורה או לראות פני חבירו חשוב הכל דבר מצוה ואינו חשוב דבר הרשות, רק כשהולך לטייל...
248:2 – We don’t embark on a boat within three days of Shabbat due to enjoyment of Shabbat, for people are pained and confused during the first three days. This is specifically when travelling on salty seas, but there is no pain in travelling on rivers…
248:4 – We may not embark on a caravan within three days of Shabbat, if it is well-known that we will need to violate Shabbat due to the danger of halting there alone on Shabbat. We may embark on Sunday, Monday and Tuesday, and if danger occurs afterward and we need to violate Shabbat to save lives, it is permitted and that is not termed 'desecration.'
We may embark to ascend to Israel even if we only find a caravan on Friday, for this is a mitzvah. We must arrange with them to halt, and then we may travel beyond the techum with them to save our lives, if they refuse to halt with us.
Rama: Some say that anywhere a person travels for business or greeting a friend is considered a mitzvah; 'optional' refers only to touring…
6. R' Moshe Feinstein (20th century USA), Igrot Moshe Orach Chaim 1:131
כשיודע הרופא מזה ערב שבת מחוייב הרופא להשאר ללון באיזה בית הסמוך לבית החולים שודאי אפשר להשיג מקום ללון ואף אם יצטרך לשלם דמי שכירות בעד הלינה אין להתיר לו לבא לביתו שיביאנו זה לחלל שבת למחר ליסע לבית החולים. ואף אם אין מקום סביבות בית החולים ללון שם הרי יכול ללון בבית החולים גופיה ואף שלא יהיה לו שם יין לקדוש וסעודה חשובה לכבוד השבת נמי היה צריך להשאר שם דמצות סעודת שבת וקדוש לא תדחה איסור מלאכה דשבת
When the physician knows this on Friday, he is obligated to stay in a house close to the hospital; certainly, he will be able to acquire a place to stay, even if he must pay rent to stay there. One may not permit him to go home, for this would bring him to violate Shabbat the next day, to travel to the hospital. Even if there is no place to stay near the hospital, he can stay in the hospital itself – even if he will not have wine for kiddush and a good meal in honour of Shabbat, he must remain there; the mitzvot of Shabbat meals and kiddush do not override the prohibition against melachah on Shabbat.
Vignette 2: Switching with a doctor who is not observant
7. Talmud, Niddah 61b
ת"ר: בגד שאבד בו כלאים - הרי זה לא ימכרנו לעובד כוכבים
If a garment has unrecognizable wool and linen blended into it, a Jew may not sell it to a non-Jew.
8. Talmud, Avodah Zarah 13b, 14a
מתני'. אלו דברים אסורים למכור לעובד כוכבים: אצטרובלין, ובנות שוח, ופטוטרות, ולבונה, ותרנגול הלבן;
גמ'. ומכולן מוכרין להן חבילה... וליחוש דלמא אזיל ומזבין לאחריני ומקטרי! אמר אביי: אלפני מפקדינן, אלפני דלפני לא מפקדינן.
One may not sell the following items to idolaters [because they are likely to be used for pagan offerings]…
One may sell it in bulk… But why are we not concerned lest he sell it to someone who will burn it for incense? Abbaye explained: We are instructed not to place a stumbling block before him, but we are not instructed about 'before before' him.
9. R' Moshe Feinstein (20th century America), Igrot Moshe Orach Chaim 4:79
ויש גם טעם גדול להתיר אף עם יהודים שאינם שומרי תורה שגם שכשישארו בביתם יחללו שבת במזיד בכל מלאכות שיזדמן לא פחות מהמלאכות שיעשה בבית החולים באיסור שא"כ אין בזה לפ"ע בזה שהוחלפו להו מלאכות במלאכות, ויותר נוטה שהופחתו כי יש הרבה חולים שמותר וגם הרבה הוא רק מדרבנן ומה שעושה בביתו רובן הם מדאורייתא.
We have great reason to permit switching with non-observant Jews, for they would violate Shabbat intentionally in their homes with any melachot which came to hand, no less than they would in the hospital. There is no lifnei iver; they exchange some melachot for others. Further, the violation is reduced in a hospital; these acts are permitted on behalf of many patients, and many of these acts are only rabbinically prohibited, while much of what he would do at home is biblically prohibited.
10. R' Yosef Dov Soloveichik (19th century Poland), Beit haLevi to Shemot
והנה טענת אונס לא שייך רק היכא דאם לא היה האונס לא היה עושה אותו דבר והאונס הביאו לעשות
The claim of 'compulsion' is only relevant if he would not have committed the act absent the compulsion.
11. Talmud, Kiddushin 32a
רב הונא קרע שיראי באנפי רבה בריה, אמר: איזול איחזי אי רתח אי לא רתח. ודלמא רתח, וקעבר +ויקרא יט+ אלפני עור לא תתן מכשול! דמחיל ליה ליקריה
Rav Huna tore silks before his son Rabbah, saying, "I will see if he gets angry at not." But would he not be in violation of "Do not put a stumbling block before the blind"? Rav Huna forgave his honour [in advance].
12. Tosafot (13th century France / Germany), Kiddushin 32a
וצריך לומר שהודיעו קודם לכן שלא יהא כמו נתכוין לאכול [בשר] חזיר ועלה בידו בשר טלה דאמר לקמן שצריך מחילה וכפרה.
One must say that he informed his son of this beforehand, lest his son be like someone who intended to eat pork and accidentally ate lamb, such that we believe forgiveness and atonement are required.
Vignette 3: Leaving the hospital on Shabbat
13. Talmud, Eruvin 44b, 45a
מש' מי שיצא ברשות ואמרו לו כבר נעשה מעשה יש לו אלפים אמה לכל רוח... כל היוצאים להציל חוזרין למקומן.
גמרא. "וכל היוצאין להציל חוזרין למקומן" - ואפילו טובא? והא אמרת רישא אלפים אמה ותו לא!
1 - אמר רב יהודה אמר רב שחוזרין בכלי זיין למקומן...
2 - רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר לא קשיא, כאן שנצחו ישראל את אומות העולם כאן שנצחו אומות העולם {את עצמן}
Mishnah: One who leaves with permission and then is told, "The deed is complete," may travel 2000 cubits in any direction… All who leave to save lives may return home.
Gemara: " All who leave to save lives may return home" – no matter how far? But the first part said "2000 cubits" and no more!
1 - Rav Yehudah said, citing Rav: The first part was referring to bringing their weapons home…
2 - Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak said: This is not a problem; the 2000 cubit limit is where the Jews defeated the nations, the unlimited return is where the nations were victorious {over themselves}.
14. Talmud, Rosh haShanah 21b
מעשה שעברו יותר מארבעים זוג ועיכבם רבי עקיבא בלוד שלח לו רבן גמליאל אם מעכב אתה את הרבים נמצאת מכשילן לעתיד לבא
Once more than forty pairs of witnesses came, and R' Akiva halted them in Lod. Rabban Gamliel sent a message to him, "If you will halt the masses now, you will cause them to stumble in the future!"
15. Talmud, Yoma 85b
רבי שמעון בן מנסיא אומר +שמות לא+ ושמרו בני ישראל את השבת אמרה תורה חלל עליו שבת אחת כדי שישמור שבתות הרבה
R' Shimon ben Menasya said: The Torah says, "The children of Israel will guard Shabbat." Violate one Shabbat in order that he guard many Shabbatot.
16. R' Eliezer Waldenberg (20th century Israel), Tzitz Eliezer 11:39:1
והגרש"ק ז"ל בספרו שם מסביר זאת ביותר למאי דקיי"ל דשבת דחויה היא אצל החולה, ועל כן איסור דרבנן כיון דהותרו בתחילתן והוי היתר ממש דהם אמרו והם אמרו, שייך לומר התירו סופן משום תחילתן
R' Shlomo Kluger explained this further. We believe that Shabbat is overridden, rather than permitted, for a patient. Rabbinic prohibitions are entirely permitted, though, for the sages prohibited and the sages permitted, and we can say that they permitted [to return home at] the end in order to ensure people would go at the beginning.
17. R' Dr. Avraham S. Avraham (21st century Israel), Nishmat Avraham Orach Chaim 329:7
ואמנם לא הגרש״ז אויערבאך זצ״ל ולא הציץ אליעזר מתירים לחלל שבת דאורייתא עבור סופו משום תחילתו, אך סומכים על החת״ס שמותר לחלל שבת באיסורי דרבנן, וכפי שכתב הגרש״ז אויערבאך זצ״ל ״שכבר הורה זקן״. ואם כן כפי שמסיק הציץ אליעזר, ה״ה גם לגבי רופא... שיהיה מותר לו לחזור הביתה ברכב של עכו״ם.
Neither R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach nor the Tzitz Eliezer permit violation of biblical Shabbat law under the principle of 'permit the end for the sake of the beginning'. They depend on the Chatam Sofer to permit violating rabbinical Shabbat law; as R' Shlomo Zalman Auerbach wrote, "The elder has already ruled." If so, then as the Tzitz Eliezer concluded, a Jew [who has travelled to save lives] may return home in a non-Jew's vehicle.
Monday, January 16, 2012
Owning the Rabbi
Rabbis are under observation all of the time, on anything and everything, but that's not unique to clergy. Having people notice your style of dress – or diet, or exercise, or sense of humor – is normal for human beings. Clergy are not the only ones who live in a fishbowl; all of us are constantly under observation by the people around us. The difference is that many people – not one, but many - often feel free to comment aloud, and rudely, when it comes to the Rabbi.
If I go to a restaurant and sit beside a loud talker, I might move to another table. If I sit next to a person with bad body odor on a train, I might change seats. If I see someone wearing a hideous tie, I may make a mental note to check my own ties for such a lack of taste. And then I move on. Only if something is particularly egregious, and apparently intentional, will a normal human being engage the offender – and then politely and positively, not with an anonymous screed.
But if it’s the Rabbi, then plenty of polite and positive people will tell the Rabbi – nicely or otherwise - that he should really keep his voice down, or that his tie is a problem. They might even find a way to hint at the body odor. And that's in the best circumstance; in another universe they might resign from the shul, and/or broadcast their complaint to their 100 closest friends.
That's what creates the fishbowl – not the fact that a few people are looking, but the fact that everyone is looking, everyone is commenting, and often without sensitivity.
I believe that many people genuinely intend to be helpful, and their comments can be very beneficial. But for a dangerous minority, it comes from a sense of ownership, as though my dues, or even my presence at minyan, means that I have a form of baalus [gemara terminology, translating roughly and inaccurately to 'mastery'] over the Rabbi. There's a sign across his back, "Property of Congregation _____________". [Shades of Rav Yaakov Emden and שלא עשני עבד-אב"ד.] To me, this is not healthy.
We want members to feel invested in the institution, and we want the Rabbi to be sensitive to their needs and wants, so I can't say that members should ignore the Rabbi's conduct. It's also true – as explained in various gemara passages – that the Rabbi should make sure his clothing is clean, his manner reputable and his comport respectable, so I can't say that the Rabbi should do as he pleases.
But maybe we shouldn't comment for every thing; there should be a threshold of significance.
And maybe it shouldn't be all of us making these comments.
And maybe it shouldn't be an anonymous letter.
What do you think?
Saturday, January 14, 2012
Class: The Kohen as Physician
Aharon is a kohen, and he has a lifelong dream of attending medical school. Based on his grades and personal desires, he would seem to be a good candidate for medicine. May he attend medical school? Alternatively, could he become an EMT?
Sam, 86, is hospitalized with sepsis and resultant multiple organ failure. He codes with cardiac arrest, and his physician, a kohen, is notified. May the physician come to attempt resuscitation?
Ronald, a kohen, is chief neurologist at a hospital when he begins to learn about his Jewish heritage. He is not ready to stop working at the hospital; is there anything he can do to mitigate his halachic situation?
Mitch is a kohen and heart surgeon, and during surgery a patient passes away. Is Mitch eligible to duchen [bless the nation]?
1. Talmud, Kiddushin 35b
Central Issue 1 – May a kohen become tamei today?
2. Semachot 4:10
If he becomes impure on the same day, R' Tarfon says he is liable, but R' Akiva says he is exempt. If he becomes impure on another day, all agree that he is liable; he has ruined a day [of his purification count].
3. Talmud, Nazir 42b
ורב יוסף אמר האלקים אמר רב הונא אפילו טומאה וטומאה, דאמר רב הונא נזיר שהיה עומד בבית הקברות והושיטו לו מתו ומת אחר ונגע בו חייב אמאי הא מיטמא וקאים! אלא לאו ש"מ אמר רב הונא אפילו טומאה וטומאה.
איתיביה אביי [לרב יוסף] כהן שהיה לו מת מונח על כתיפו והושיטו לו מתו ומת אחר ונגע בו יכול יהא חייב ת"ל ולא יחלל במי שאינו מחולל יצא זה שהוא מחולל ועומד!
א"ל [רב יוסף] ותיקשי לך מתני' דתנן היה מיטמא למתים כל היום אינו חייב אלא אחת אמרו לו אל תטמא אל תטמא חייב על כל אחת ואחת - ואמאי הא מיטמא וקאים! אלא קשיא אהדדי? לא קשיא - כאן בחיבורין [שהיה נוגע בא' כשהוא נגע בב'] כאן שלא בחיבורין.
Rav Yosef declared: By Gd! Rav Huna prohibited adding to existing impurity, as he said, "If a nazir is standing in a cemetery and they give him his deceased relative and another body and he touches it, he is liable" – even though he is already impure! We see that Rav Huna even prohibits adding to existing impurity.
Abbaye challenged Rav Yosef: We learned, "If a kohen has a body on his shoulder and they give him his relative and another body and he teaches it, he is exempt, for the Torah says, 'He shall not desecrate', excluding one who is already desecrated"!
Rav Yosef replied: Then you will have trouble with our mishnah, which says, "One who becomes impure to the dead all day is only liable once, but if they warn him repeatedly then he is liable each time" – Here, too, he is already impure! Are these sources then contradictory? No: One is where he remains in contact, one is where he is no longer in contact.
4. Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Nezirut 5:16-17
5. Raavad to Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Nezirut 5:15
6. R' Yosef Caro, Kesef Mishneh, Hilchot Nezirut 5:17
7. Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Avel 3:7
8. Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Avel 3:7
9. R' Jaffe & R' Shabbtai, It is upon him to bring proof, www.scribd.com/doc/48498760/Untitled
10. Mishnah, Makkot 3:8
11. R' Moshe Feinstein, Igrot Moshe 1:230:2
Central Issue 2 – What sort of טומאה is communicated by an עכו"מ?
12. Talmud, Yevamot 60b-61a
13. Mishnah Oholot 18:9
14. Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 372:2
רמ"א: אע"פ שיש מקילין (רמב"ם והגמי"י בשם ס' יראים). ונכון להחמיר.
15. Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Tumat Meit 1:12
Central Issue 3 – Are today's Kohanim certified?
16. Aruch haShulchan Yoreh Deah 305:55
17. Midrash, Sifri Devarim 188:15
Application 1 – Medical school studies / EMT
18. R' Adin Steinsaltz - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39A2EKtSv4c
19. R' Moshe Feinstein, Igrot Moshe Yoreh Deah 3:155
20. R' Yitzchak haLevi Herzog, Psakim uKtavim 5:145
21. R' Dr. Avraham Sofer Avraham, Nishmat Avraham Yoreh Deah 369:1
Application 2 – Treating a patient who is a גוסס
22. Tosafot Niddah 44b איהו
23. R' Shmuel Wosner, Shevet haLevi Yoreh Deah 3:164
Application 3 – Mitigating the situation
24. Shach to Yoreh Deah 372:2
25. Magen Avraham 343:2
Application 4 – Duchening
26. Shulchan Aruch Orach Chaim 128:35-36
רמ"א: וי"א דאם עשה תשובה, נושא כפיו ויש להקל על בעלי תשובה, שלא לנעול דלת בפניהם, והכי נהוג
לו: מל תינוק ומת, נושא את כפיו; ואם העם מרננים אחריו שהוא שופך דמים, כיון שלא נתברר הדבר, ישא את כפיו.
For anyone interested, here is a series of links on the issue of kohanim and tumah today; there is much more to see, but it's definitely a great set of articles:
http://www.medethics.org.il/articles/ASSIA/Assia69-70/Assia69-70.03.asp
http://www.medethics.org.il/articles/ASSIA/Assia69-70/Assia69-70.04.asp
http://www.medethics.org.il/articles/ASSIA/Assia69-70/Assia69-70.05.asp
http://www.medethics.org.il/articles/ASSIA/Assia69-70/Assia69-70.06.asp
Also very worthwhile:
Halachah uRefuah 3 - Articles by R' Levi Yitzchak Halperin and R' J David Bleich
Nishmas Avraham to Yoreh Deah 335, 369, 370 and 372
Rav Yitzchak haLevi Herzog, Psakim uKsavim 5 145
